2010年8月31日 星期二

(轉賣/分享/轉讓/共用) 個人資料 ?

(轉賣/分享/轉讓/共用) 個人資料 ?

我們在日常生活中常使用八達通,信用咭以及手提電話,在参加會員優惠計劃時,没想到所提供的個人資料,竟然成為其他公司的生財工具。

八達通事件發生之後,銀行及電訊公司相繼承認曾經出售客戶個人資料圖利;其實數據庫營銷已經運作了十多年,究竟企業如何從中發掘商機?

有法律界人士指出,企業分享客戶資料,從中取利,歸根究底,問題在於法例有缺失。香港現行保障個人資料私隱條例,在十五年前制訂,公署在二零零七年曾經提交五十多項建議給政府,不過,政府認為有保留。

鏗鏘集 2010/8/29

2010年8月8日 星期日

反模特兒、廣告製作公司騙案 BLOG

反模特兒、廣告製作公司騙案BLOG

http://hk.myblog.yahoo.com/antimodelcheat

.......................................................................................
模 特 兒 騙 案 「 變 種 」 更 難 防

(星島日報報道)欺騙求職者的模特兒騙案持續發生,騙徒最近改以「製作公司」名義,在網上招聘代言人、幕後代唱或司儀等較新穎手法行騙,有受害人更因而再次受騙。由模特兒騙案受害人建立的「反模特兒騙案」網站,今年首六個月已收到三十七個求助個案,警方同期只收到四個個案,反映不少人怕被嘲笑愚蠢,或認為報警無用而不願報警求助,不能反映實況。

  民建聯婦女事務委員會昨日舉行記者會,邀請「反模特兒、廣告製作公司騙案網誌」的網主及前「星探」現身說法,指出現時市場上仍有用模特兒公司名義四出行騙,詐騙手法更層出不窮,如在接觸受害人時出示職員證及卡片,增強受害人信心。詐騙公司會要求當事人簽「豺狼」合約(隱藏對簽
約者不利條款),受害者事後亦難以追討。

  民建聯婦女事務委員會主席葛珮帆指,最近接到一名文職女士求助,三個多月前在街上被自稱「製作公司職員」兜搭,指其有潛質當模特兒。在獲邀到公司面試後,該女士被指口才好,可承接司儀的工作,但指接洽司儀工作前須有工作經驗,公司為該女士拍攝一個「紅酒平面廣告」,並付約三百元予受害者作酬金。

  在這次「工作」後,該公司即露出「真面目」,指已為受害人接到工作,但在工作前須「執好個樣」,要求受害人繳付約二萬元,作美容療程、拍照、造型、公司卡等項目的費用。受害人付款後,便再無收到詐騙公司的電話。

   「反模特兒騙案網誌」網主Chris對本報表示,最近收到一宗「二次受騙」個案。現年二十七歲的陳先生,○五年在街上被自稱「製作公司職員」兜搭,結果被騙一萬五千元。五年後的今年三月底,他收到另一「製作公司」來電,指收到模特兒公司轉介,邀請他到公司面試。

  陳先生面試後,獲告知已接獲工作,但要求他繳付二萬八千八百元作美容、造型等費用。陳生猶豫之際,職員即打出「同情牌」,減價至二萬元,又謂「我私人給你先付款,但你不要玩玩纒,要認真工作才行。」

  陳生繳費後,只接受了造型及一、兩次美容服務,並無接到工作。Chris收到求助後,追查下發現此「製作公司」與五年前接觸陳生的是同一公司,只是改頭換面,即陳生被同一公司兩次詐騙。

  葛珮帆呼籲市民提高警覺,不要誤墮陷阱,她要求警方現時的網上巡察隊主動執法,並加強防止騙案的宣傳教育工作,將騙徒繩之於法,保障市民。

2010-08-09

2010年8月1日 星期日

阿聯酋沙特禁用Blackberry

阿聯酋沙特禁用Blackberry

信報網站

阿聯酋及沙特阿拉伯在周日公布,禁止在國內使用Blackberry手機進行電郵及上網服務。

該2個中東國家指出,由於Blackberry電郵是可以傳送資料至國外或接收國外資料,可能形成國家保安網的漏洞,故此須禁制在國內使用。

阿聯酋將於10月1日起開始有關禁制,但是在該國使用漫遊服務的外國遊客則不在此限。當中,不少旅客是利用迪拜機場作為轉機地點。

有學者指出,阿聯酋致力要成為中東的商業及航空樞杻,但是禁止Blackberry卻會打擊有關活動。

去年,阿聯酋與Blackberry製造商Research in Motion(RIM)已出現過衝突,當時,該國要求Blackberry的客戶安裝一套軟件,而RIM其後批評,有關軟件是監察系統,容許其它人士偷看 Blackberry的手機內容,侵犯持有人的私隱。

2010年8月2日

2010年7月31日 星期六

How Advertisers Use Internet to track you

Google Facebook Yahoo 記錄用戶資料賣錢


(明報 2010-Aug-1)

Wall Street Journal


Sites Feed Personal Details To New Tracking Industry

July 30,2010 By JULIA ANGWIN and TOM MCGINTY

The largest U.S. websites are installing new and intrusive consumer-tracking technologies on the computers of people visiting their sites—in some cases, more than 100 tracking tools at a time—a Wall Street Journal investigation has found.

The tracking files represent the leading edge of a lightly regulated, emerging industry of data-gatherers who are in effect establishing a new business model for the Internet: one based on intensive surveillance of people to sell data about, and predictions of, their interests and activities, in real time.

The Journal's study shows the extent to which Web users are in effect exchanging personal data for the broad access to information and services that is a defining feature of the Internet.

In an effort to quantify the reach and sophistication of the tracking industry, the Journal examined the 50 most popular websites in the U.S. to measure the quantity and capabilities of the "cookies," "beacons" and other trackers installed on a visitor's computer by each site. Together, the 50 sites account for roughly 40% of U.S. page-views.

The 50 sites installed a total of 3,180 tracking files on a test computer used to conduct the study. Only one site, the encyclopedia Wikipedia.org, installed none. Twelve sites, including IAC/InterActive Corp.'s Dictionary.com, Comcast Corp.'s Comcast.net and Microsoft Corp.'s MSN.com, installed more than 100 tracking tools apiece in the course of the Journal's test.

The Journal also surveyed its own site, WSJ.com, which doesn't rank among the top 50 by visitors. WSJ.com installed 60 tracking files, slightly below the 64 average for the top 50 sites.

Some two-thirds of the tracking tools installed—2,224—came from 131 companies that, for the most part, are in the business of following Internet users to create rich databases of consumer profiles that can be sold. The companies that placed the most such tools were Google Inc., Microsoft. and Quantcast Corp., all of which are in the business of targeting ads at people online.

Google, Microsoft and Quantcast all said they don't track individuals by name and offer Internet users a way to remove themselves from their tracking networks. Comcast, MSN and Dictionary.com said they disclose tracking practices in their privacy policies, and said their visitors aren't identified by name.

The state of the art is growing increasingly intrusive, the Journal found. Some tracking files can record a person's keystrokes online and then transmit the text to a data-gathering company that analyzes it for content, tone and clues to a person's social connections. Other tracking files can re-spawn trackers that a person may have deleted.

To measure the sensitivity of the data gathered by tracking companies, the Journal created an "exposure index" for the top 50 sites. Dictionary.com ranked highest in exposing users to potentially aggressive surveillance: It installed 168 tracking tools that didn't let users decline to be tracked, and 121 tools that, according to their privacy statements, don't rule out collecting financial or health data. Dictionary.com attributed the number of tools to its use of many different ad networks, each of which puts tools on its site.

Some of the tracking files identified by the Journal were so detailed that they verged on being anonymous in name only. They enabled data-gathering companies to build personal profiles that could include age, gender, race, zip code, income, marital status and health concerns, along with recent purchases and favorite TV shows and movies.

The ad industry says tracking doesn't violate anyone's privacy because the data sold doesn't identify people by name, and the tracking activity is disclosed in privacy policies. And while many companies are involved in collecting, analyzing and selling the data, they provide a useful service by raising the chance Internet users see ads and information relevant to them personally.

"We are delivering free content to consumers," says Mike Zaneis, vice president of public policy for the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade group of advertisers and publishers. "Sometimes it means that we get involved in a very complex ecosystem with lots of third parties."

The growing use and power of tracking technology have begun to raise regulatory concerns. Congress is considering laws to limit tracking. The Federal Trade Commission is developing privacy guidelines for the industry.

If "you were in the Gap, and the sales associate said to you, 'OK, from now on, since you shopped here today, we are going to follow you around the mall and view your consumer transactions,' no person would ever agree to that," Sen. George LeMieux, R-Florida, said this week in a Senate hearing on Internet privacy.

2010年7月29日 星期四

Web 2.0 versus Control 2.0

Web 2.0 versus Control 2.0
(source Reporters Without Borders)


The fight for free access to information is being played out to an ever greater extent on the Internet. The emerging general trend is that a growing number of countries are attemptimg to tighten their control of the Net, but at the same time, increasingly inventive netizens demonstrate mutual solidarity by mobilizing when necessary.

The Internet: a space for information-sharing and mobilizing

In authoritarian countries in which the traditional media are state-controlled, the Internet offers a unique space for discussion and information-sharing, and has become an ever more important engine for protest and mobilization. The Internet is the crucible in which repressed civil societies can revive and develop.

The new media, and particularly social networks, have given populations’ collaborative tools with which they can change the social order. Young people have taken them by storm. Facebook has become the rallying point for activists prevented from demonstrating in the streets. One simple video on YouTubeNeda in Iran or the Saffron march of the monks in Burma – can help to expose government abuses to the entire world. One simple USB flashdrive can be all it takes to disseminate news – as in Cuba, where they have become the local “samizdats.”

Here, economic interest are intertwined with the need to defend free circulation of information. In some countries, it is companies that have obtained better access to the Internet and to the new media, sometimes with positive consequences for the rest of the population.As a barrier to trade,Web censorship should be included on the agenda of the WorldTrade Organization. Several of latter’s members, including China and Vietnam, should to be required to open their Internet networks before being invited to join the global village of international commerce...

Takeover

Yet times have changed since the Internet and the new media were the exclusive province of dissidents and opponents. The leaders of certain countries have been taken aback by a proliferation of new technologies and even more by the emergence of a new form of public debate. They had to suddenly cope with the fact that “Colored Revolutions” had become “Twitter Revolutions.” The vast potential of cyberspace can no longer be reserved for dissenting voices. Censoring political and social content with the latest technological tools by arresting and harassing netizens, using omnipresent surveillance and ID registration which compromise surfer anonymity – repressive governments are acting on their threats. In 2009, some sixty countries experienced a form of Web censorship, which is twice as many as in 2008. The World WideWeb is being progressively devoured by the implementation of national Intranets whose content is “approved” by the authorities. UzNet, Chinternet, TurkmenNet…It does not matter to those governments if more and more Internet users are going to become victims of a digital segregation. Web 2.0 is colliding with Control 2.0.

A few rare countries such as North Korea, Burma and Turkmenistan can afford to completely cut themselves off from theWorldWideWeb. They are not acting on their lack of infrastructure development because it serves their purpose, and it persists. Nonetheless, the telecom black market is prospering in Cuba and on the border between China and North Korea.

Netizens are being targeted at a growing rate. For the first time since the creation of the Internet, a record number of close to 120 bloggers, Internet users and cyberdissidents are behind bars for having expressed themselves freely online.The world’s largest netizen prison is in China,which is far out ahead of other countries with 72 detainees, followed by Vietnam and then by Iran, which have all launched waves of brutal attacks on websites in recent months.

Some countries have been arresting netizens in the last few months, even though they have not yet pursued an elaborate Net control or repression strategy. In Morocco, a blogger and a cybercafé owner were jailed by local authorities trying to cover up a crackdown on a demonstration that turned awry. In Azerbaidjan, the regime is holding Adnan Hadjizade and Emin Milli – two bloggers who had exposed the corruption of certain officials and had ridiculed them in a video circulated on YouTube. Four online journalists are also behind bars in Yemen. It is too soon to tell if these arrests may herald a new media takeover.

More and more states are enacting or considering repressive laws pertaining to the Web, or are applying those that already exist, which is the case with Jordan, Kazakhstan, and Iraq. Western democracies are not immune from the Net regulation trend. In the name of the fight against child pornography or the theft of intellectual property, laws and decrees have been adopted, or are being deliberated, notably in Australia, France, Italy and Great Britain. On a global scale, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), whose aim is to fight counterfeiting, is being negotiated behind closed doors, without consulting NGOs and civil society. It could possibly introduce potentially liberticidal measures such as the option to implement a filtering system without a court decision.

Some Scandinavian countries are taking a different direction. In Finland, Order no. 732/2009, states that Internet access is a fundamental right for all citizens. By virtue of this text, every Finnish household will have at least a 1 MB/s connection by July 31, 2010. By 2015, it will be at least 100 MB/s. Iceland’s Parliament is currently examining a bill, the "Icelandic Modern Media Initiative" (IMMI), which is aimed at strictly protecting freedoms on the Internet by guaranteeing the transparency and independence of information. If it is adopted, Iceland will become a cyber-paradise for bloggers and citizen journalists.

The Internet users’ response

The outcome of the cyber-war between netizens and repressive authorities will also depend upon the effectiveness of the weapons each camp has available: powerful filtering and surveillance systems for decrypting e-mails, and ever more sophisticated proxies and censorship circumvention tools such as Tor, VPNs, Psiphon, and UltraReach. The latter are developed mainly thanks to the solidarity of netizens around the globe. For example, thousands of Iranians use proxies originally intended for Chinese surfers.

Global pressure makes a difference, too. The major world powers’ geo-strategic interests are finding a communications platform on the Web. In January 2010, the United States made freedom of expression on the Internet the number one goal of its foreign policy. It remains to be seen how the country will apply this strategy to its foreign relations, and what the reaction of the countries concerned will be.

In their apparent isolation, Web users, dissidents and bloggers are vulnerable. They are therefore starting to organize, collectively or individually, depending upon what causes they wish to defend. This type of momentum can produce a Russian blogger association, or one comprised of Moroccans, or Belarus Web users groups launching campaigns to protest against government decisions, or an Egyptian blogger group mobilizing against torture or the cost of living, or even Chinese Internet users organizing cyber-movements on behalf of Iranian demonstrators on Twitter. Whether their causes are national or global, the messages they communicate are the ones that will decide the landscape of tomorrow’s Internet. Resistance is getting organized.

The Enemies of the Internet 2010

The “Enemies of the Internet” list drawn up again this year by Reporters Without Borders presents the worst violators of freedom of expression on the Net: Saudi Arabia, Burma, China, North Korea, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, Uzbekistan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, and Vietnam.

Some of these countries are determined to use any means necessary to prevent their citizens from having access to the Internet: Burma, North Korea, Cuba, and Turkmenistan – countries in which technical and financial obstacles are coupled with harsh crackdowns and the existence of a very limited Intranet. Internet shutdowns or major slowdowns are commonplace in periods of unrest. The Internet’s potential as a portal open to the world directly contradicts the propensity of these regimes to isolate themselves from other countries. Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan have opted for such massive filtering that their Internet users have chosen to practice self-censorship. For economic purposes, China, Egypt, Tunisia and Vietnam have wagered on a infrastructure development strategy while keeping a tight control over the Web’s political and social content (Chinese and Tunisian filtering systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated), and they are demonstrating a deep intolerance for critical opinions. The serious domestic crisis that Iran has been experiencing for months now has caught netizens and the new media in its net; they have become enemies of the regime.

Among the countries “under surveillance” are several democracies: Australia, because of the upcoming implementation of a highly developed Internet filtering system, and South Korea, where draconian laws are creating too many specific restrictions on Web users by challenging their anonymity and promoting self-censorship.

Turkey and Russia have just been added to the “Under Surveillance” list. In Russia, aside from the control exercised by the Kremlin on most of its media outlets, the Internet has become the freest space for sharing information. Yet its independence is being jeopardized by blogger arrests and prosecutions, as well as by blockings of so-called “extremist” websites. The regime’s propaganda is increasingly omnipresent on the Web. There is a real risk that the Internet will be transformed into a tool for political control.

In Turkey, taboo topics mainly deal with Ataturk, the army, issues concerning minorities (notably Kurds and Armenians) and the dignity of the Nation. They have served as justification for blocking several thousand sites, including YouTube, thereby triggering a great deal of protest. Bloggers and netizens who express themselves freely on such topics may well face judicial reprisals.

Other countries, such as the United Arab Emirates, Belarus and Thailand are also maintaining their “under surveillance” status, but will need to make more progress to avoid getting transferred into the next “Enemies of the Internet” list. Thailand, because of abuses related to the crime of “lèse-majesté”; the Emirates, because they have bolstered their filtering system; Belarus because its president has just signed a liberticidal order that will regulate the Net, and which will enter into force this summer – just a few months before the elections.

Lucie Morillon
Head of the New Media Desk

Jean-François Julliard
Secretary-General

2010年7月26日 星期一

『七一上街』反對網絡審查、思想監控、愚民政治

『七一上街』反對網絡審查、思想監控、愚民政治
2009-06-30 — 尤拉 (香港獨立媒體)

各位7.1遊行參加者:

在7.1遊行中,本群組的「維護公民自主權,反對網絡廿三條」參與隊伍會於以下時間、地點集合:

時間:7月1日下午3時
地點:維園(中央圖書館方向出入口)

公民社會網絡
Alliber

明日的香港,會否是今日的中國?

隔岸觀火,我們旁觀綠壩肆虐中華,繼網絡長城(great firewall)和金盾之後,繼續以過濾色情訊為名,行政治審查之實。(*1)

而網絡審查的魅影,亦正在無聲無息中,意圖伸延到香港。

去年,香港政府提出《淫褻及不雅物品管制條例》諮詢文件,由蘇錦樑(民建聯前副主席、香港商務及經濟發展局副局長)操掌大旗。當中運用誤導手法欺騙公眾,例如以「澳洲、法國也強制ISP(互聯網供應商)提供過濾服務」為由,提出ISP層面的過濾建議。但這種說法完全違背事實,捏造論據。(*2)

今年,政府又公佈了一項誤導市民的民意調查,並希望透過這種充滿誤導性質的工具作為民意基礎,以求達到從嚴規限網絡資訊的目的,重施誤導之技倆。(*3)

缺德如此的政府,又如何「興禮樂之教」,反對「不良資訊」?不知明日香港,會否只許高官狗嗡,不許poor guy鳴冤?

昔有03年50萬人民反對廿三條,今有網絡廿三條潛伏於下半年的第二輪諮詢。

各位市民,希望你們能夠上街表達對彷如「代表香港市民論」的大家長主義管治的不滿,反對思想監控,反對愚民政治。

我們維護公民社會的網絡資訊,反對愚民社會的網絡廿三條。

七月一日,綠壩登陸華夏。七月一日,我們為中華的自由文化發聲。

*1: 綠壩受測試之後,發現其中的關鍵過濾字庫,只有約2700個詞彙與色情資訊有關,卻有多達約6500個詞彙屬政治審查

*2:莫乃光《淫褻條例諮詢誤導市民? 》:
http://charlesmok.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post.html

*3莫乃光《淫管條例民調反映討論未能聚焦》:
http://charlesmok.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_18.html

中國社科院:Facebook 成顛覆工具

社科院:Facebook 成顛覆工具 (香港明報)

(中 國)中國社科院週三(7月7日)發表一份研究報告,指社交網站如Facebook等可能成為外國情報機構“顛覆政權”的渠道,在去年新疆“7.5”騷亂中 曾被疆獨份子利用,“其特殊的政治功能讓人心生恐懼”,認為新媒體要與國家制度“磨合”成一個整體。報告還指,網絡成為反腐敗“不可忽視”的平台。

社科院新聞與傳播研究所、科學文獻出版社聯合發佈這一《新媒體藍皮書》,指出社交網站是2009年中國互聯網的熱點,成為人們社交的主要渠道,用戶數量亦已達到相當規模。

指涉“7.5”疆獨騷亂

不過,報告點名指Facebook等社交網站“被西方國家情報機構所利用以試圖顛覆他國政權,其特殊的政治功能讓人心生恐懼。”其中提及在去年的新疆“7.5”事件中,Facebook有群組呼吁全球支持“疆獨”的人一起行動。

需與國家體制“磨合”

清華大學新聞傳播學院副院長崔保國說,媒介對於社會既是“離心力”也是“向心力”,“如果把這 種離心力功能別有用心地使用的時候,有可能用來瓦解社會或者是破壞社會。”崔保國說,不僅是Facebook,傳統媒體也有同樣的作用,只不過傳統媒體已 經有比較完善的制度,但新媒體仍未有,“我認為在新事物發展的過程當中,逐漸就會和一個國家的制度體系磨合成一個整體。”

有助反腐
也助長欺凌

報告還提到Google事件,上海大學文科發展研究院院長吳信訓說,新媒體提供自由表達的空 間,來突破由政府、政黨完全控制的傳媒單方面傳播的格局,好的方面是讓廣大民眾充份發表自己的意見,共同促進社會和國家進步,但也是一把“雙刃劍”,“也 有可能被一些人利用,來達到一些政黨集團或利益集團謀取個人利益的一種工具”。

此外,中國社科院新聞所所長尹韻公認為,中國網民熱愛參政議政,在反腐敗方面“成為一種不能忽略的力量”,但亦出現不少網絡欺凌和人肉搜索的問題,應加以制衡。

網民諷為Facebook“登陸”作準備

雖遭社科院點名,但Facebook在內地實際被“防火長城”阻隔,並不能自由瀏覽,有網友笑稱,社科院點名批評一個不能訪問的網站,一種可能是已知網民普遍“翻牆”(翻越防火牆),第二種可能就是為Facebook進入中國“未雨綢繆”。

2008年起遭屏蔽

Facebook最早創立時,內地網民可以瀏覽,但在2008年被屏蔽。今年3月,搜尋器 Google撤離之時,再傳出有獵頭公司聲稱受Facebook所託招募中國區總經理;至6月24日,Facebook創立者兼首席執行官扎克伯格 (Mark Zuckerberg)還表示,下一步發展目標是日本、俄羅斯、中國和韓國,“在那裡我們還不是領先的社交網絡。”

現時內地最大的社交網站是開心網(kaixin001.com)和人人網(renren.com),兩者均號稱註冊用戶8000萬,而傳統網站亦推出社交功能,如搜狐“白社會”和騰訊QQ等。

蘋論: Facebook為甚麼在中國「非死不可」?

蘋論: Facebook為甚麼在中國「非死不可」?(香港蘋果日報)

全球最大社交網站 Facebook創網六周年之際,活躍用戶突破五億大關,網站創辦人朱克伯格( Mark Zuckerberg)信心滿滿,誓言要擔起讓世界更開放、交際更方便的重任。但是, Facebook遲遲未能進軍網民人數最多的中國,反而被戲稱為「非死不可」。顯然,只靠一己之力, Facebook與 Google、 Twitter、 Youtube等網站一樣,無法攻穿中國的網絡長城。

中國官方早前公佈,至今年 6月,內地網民已增至 4.2億,以手機上網的就有 2.77億。如此龐大的市場,豈有網絡公司不垂涎? Facebook創網之初,中國網民還是可以瀏覽的,至 2008年網站才被屏蔽,也正是在這一年 6月, Facebook正式推出簡體中文版。今年 3月, Google撤離內地之際,有獵頭公司聲稱受 Facebook所託招募中國區總經理, Facebook似乎吹響了進軍中國市場的號角,但結果仍是只聞樓梯響。

對 Facebook進軍中國市場,內地 IT界人士並不看好,除了同業相互排斥的因素之外,眾所周知的問題在於中國當局對互聯網的監控制度。互聯網最偉大的貢獻,在於實現資訊的快速流動,資訊流通越快越無阻礙,就越能昭顯其價值。
但在中國當局對網絡資訊的嚴格審查、屏蔽之下,不管是搜尋訊息的 Google、分享影像的 Youtube,還是及時傳遞訊息的 Twitter、搭起交際網絡的 Facebook,訊息都無法快速、自由流動,中國網絡的防火長城始終是這些網站巨人無法跨越的。

尤有甚者,作為中國政府智囊的社科院,本月初發表《新媒體藍皮書》時,點名指 Facebook等社交網站「被西方國家情報機構所利用以試圖顛覆他國政權,其特殊的政治功能讓人心生恐懼」,還提及去年新疆「 7.5」騷亂時, Facebook有群組呼籲全球支持疆獨的人一起行動。儘管 Facebook還未進入內地市場,官方就如此以個別言論、個別事件而予以全盤否定,看來真的是「非死不可」。

在政治和意識形態的框框之外, Facebook、 Twitter、 Youtube這類新興網站就算能夠進入中國市場,也要面對山寨網站的競爭和排斥。模仿他們的運作模式,包括網站界面、用戶管理模式都照抄的社交網站、微博、影像分享網站,早已被推廣開來。強龍難壓地頭蛇並不奇怪,有內地門戶網站的高層揚言:「 Facebook進軍中國注定要失敗。」
面對中國當局設立的防火長城,面對中國同業的模仿、抄襲,不諳中國國情的 Facebook想攻陷中國市場談何容易?依託本土團隊經營,可能是避免水土不服以致「非死不可」結局的良策。但如果中國政治環境、經營環境不變, Facebook想在中國市場分一杯羮,難免與 Google一樣,要陷入是否遵守中國限制言論自由的法規的天人交戰。

2010年7月25日 星期日

澳門二十三條立法,港人豈容忽視!

十 月二十二日,澳門特首何厚鏵宣佈澳門特區《維護國家安全法》的立法工作正式啟動,當中除針對港人熟知的叛國、分裂國家、顛覆、煽動叛亂、竊取國家機密、與 外國政治組織的聯繫外,還有對「預備行為」的條文內容。這草案諮詢期只有四十天,當市民對草案內容還未了解之時,諮詢便到屆滿之期。


香港方面,由於近月金融海嘯的關係,再加上港府就隨即提出香港的廿三條立法不會受澳門影響,令香港社會和主流傳媒都忽視了是次澳門立法內容和對香港的影響,但當中的問題我們實在不容忽視。

草案內容
細讀這條草案的內容,雖然沒有如當年香港般定下處理煽動性刊物罪,亦沒有提出取締組織的條文,但第九條的預備行為絕對是法案中令人最憂慮的地方,當中完全 沒有界定何謂「預備行為」,而又有誰有資格定義呢?另外有關國家機密的定義問題,因為草案指出國家機密是由中央證明來定義的,當中澳門新聞工作者就很容易 冒上風險,如何在不犯法和公眾知情權之間取得平衡便是一大難題。

澳門立法有何迫切性

有澳門高官說因為主權移交後國家安全法變了空白,急需立法補上,然而,九年來澳門社會並沒有出現叛國顛覆事件。再者,過去不少經驗都告訴我們,不少異見分 子都會因為被指稱為「危害國家安全」而判罪,在現時仍不是民主產生的澳門政府提出這個打壓異見分子的條例實在不宜,有關國家安全的立法過程既難以保障基本 人權,亦無法取信於民。


澳門街坊總會日前向一千多名居民調查,只有六成受訪者知道政府推出《維護國家安全法》草案,對草案有所瞭解的受訪者不足五成。而 建設澳門聯盟亦發現絕大多數澳門巿民對澳門基本法廿三條認識不足,調查結果顯示,對基本法23條的認識「幾少」、「好少」、「完全唔認識」合共 85.4%;「完全認識」、「好多」、「幾多」合共僅佔9.1%,這說明這草案需要更多民間的討論。

澳門社會反應

就如當年香港政府推行立法時,一眾高官為了降低市民憂慮,而期獲得社會支持,指出立法不會影響市民的人權和言論自由云云。而這次澳門立法亦然,在連場官方 舉辦的諮詢會中,行政長官何厚鏵不斷向市民派定心丸,指出只寫一兩篇文章並不會以言入罪。那麼,一兩篇不會入罪,是否代表三四篇就會入罪?更何況,在一個 法治社會,判定是否有罪又豈是行政長官?法庭只可以依法律條文審判,而不會亦不應以特首今天的言論判斷,因此澳門市民豈可憑特首之詞而讓這項重要條例,在 社會還未充分討論下讓它貿然通過?


澳門特首對廿三條立法竟明言「不存在立法與否的討論空間」,而對於這項對澳門市民人權自由如此大影響的立法卻只得四十天的諮詢期,於十一月三十日就會屆 滿,而澳府現時舉辦的諮詢會對象都主要是政府主要官員、行政會委員、議員、澳區全國人大與政協、傳媒、經濟界、文化界等人士,讓公眾可以參與的諮詢會卻只 有一場,當中連出席和發言都要事先報名,名額爆滿後就不再增加,令市民只能在有限條件下表達意見,令人質疑澳門政府對諮詢的誠意。

澳門廿三條立法對香港的啟示
港大法律學院助理教授張達明和澳門立法議員吳國昌均曾表示,澳門立法後,只要在一段時間內也不動用該項法例,自然開始會有聲音指出,澳門廿三條立法後,也 不見得人權自由受損,屆時,香港便會有立法壓力。張達明估計,港府最快會在2010 年重提廿三條立法,以便2012年特首選舉前完成立法,令這項棘手議題將不是競選議題。


因此,香港人2003年成功以人民力量讓不尊重人權的廿三條立法擱置,面對澳門同胞廿三條立法上馬,我們實在有責任將當時港人對草案的問題分析、人民組織力量的經驗和討論,與他們分享。而且,若澳門成功立法後對香港未來立法必定做成壓力,因此這事和港人絕對息息相關。

總結
由此可見,澳門這次廿三條立法實在需要更長的諮詢期,好讓市民對條文內容有更深入的了解和建立社會討論的氣氛。

全國 microblog 變成 beta 版

要國際互聯網 還是內聯網

明報 July 25, A8



內地網絡長年受政府監控,港大新聞及傳媒研究中心中國傳媒研究計劃主任錢鋼,昨於書展論壇上說,內地網民雖面臨多番打壓,但仍能笑覑面對;同時,他質疑中央政府對網絡的控制手段,「究竟中國政府想要的是國際互聯網、還是中國內聯網?」

 「網民代表民間懷疑力量」

  錢鋼於會上宣傳新書《猛博》時指出,網民代表覑民間懷疑力量,像當局宣布汶川大地震塌樓不涉豆腐渣工程後,多名著名寫博人(blogger)如艾曉明、譚 作人、艾未未等各自發起調查行動,從而在傳統媒體不作報道的情下,發揮了互聯網揭露和核查的功能。他表示書中17個著名博客(blog)中,現已有7個 不能瀏覽。

 對於政府對網絡的打壓,錢鋼表示網民反而能用幽默的方式面對,如連岳會把與打電話來騷擾的公安的對話放到網上公諸同好,又或馮正虎從日本回上海時大量網民前往接機,「即使他們知道便衣在附近,他們的臉上仍可掛覑笑容」。

  另外,研究中心總監陳婉瑩教授指出,將來媒體會步入全球競爭的年代,而內地網民在調查報道方面有強大的競爭力,相反政府卻用盡方法「綁死」進行採訪的優秀 人才,「政府雖然準備投放6.6億美元去發展傳媒,但如果政策不改變,到頭來只會是浪費,不可能在做新聞方面與其他人競爭」。

 學者﹕網民終會找到渠道

 陳婉瑩認為,內地網民不論怎樣被打壓都會找到他們的表達渠道,「內地很多網站都被封掉,但因為人們想知道發生了什麼事,所以就會去看……要不就翻牆,不然就有其他的方法」。